People’s Journal of Scientific Research / Volume 16 / Issue 1 / Jan-June 2023

Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on

knowledge regarding prenatal factors leading to

mental disorders among prenatal mothers in selected

areas of Bhopal

Riya Singh Kushwaha1, Joyce Peter1, Rekha Rani Gupta2

1Department of Mental Health Nursing, 2Department of Child and Health Nursing, People’s College of Nursing

and Research Centre, Bhopal

ABSTRACT:

Background- The mental illness seen in children is worrisome and has many factors leading to such

conditions. The need for positive intervention is need of the hour.

Materials & Methods- Quasi-experimental one group pre-test post-test design was used for the study.

The sample consisted of 60 prenatal mothers in selected rural areas of Bhopal by Non-Probability

convenient sampling technique. A pre-test was conducted by using a structured knowledge

questionnaire to evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on knowledge regarding

prenatal factors leading to mental disorders.

Results- In this study, on comparing the pre-test and post-test knowledge score it was found that all

prenatal mothers scored better in the post-test. Majority of respondents scored average and 20.0%

scored good. The post test mean was more than pre test score. Conclusion- We concluded that the

structured teaching program is effective in increasing knowledge of the prenatal mothers regarding

prenatal factors leading to mental disorders.

KEY WORDS: effectiveness; planned teaching programme ; knowledge; prenatal mothers.

Address for correspondence : Ms Riya Singh Kushwaha, Faculy, People’s College of Nursing & Research Centre, Bhanpur,

Bhopal - 462037, E-mail: r.r.kushwaha.111213@gmail.com

Submitted: 18.08.2021, Accepted: 07.06.2023, Published: 26.06.2023

INTRODUCTION:

According to Health day news a new study

suggests that pregnancy behaviour and certain

childbirth complications may influence a child's risk of

developing obsessive compulsive disorder. Certain C-

sections, preterm and breech birth presentation,

smoking while pregnancy and unusually large or small

babies may be the factors responsible. While both

genetic and environmental risk factors are thought

to be associated with associated with increased risk for

the mental health disorder, “ While both genetic and

environmental risk factors are thought to be associated

with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), this is

the first time that a set of environmental risk factors is

convincingly associated with the condition.[1]

Atttention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder

(ADHD) has a worldwide prevalence of 2.5% with

most symptoms appearing by the age of 6 years.

General prenatal stress and stressful life events during

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How to cite this article:

Kushwaha RS, Peter J, Gupta RR. Effectiveness

of Planned Teaching Programme on knowledge regarding prenatal

factors leading to mental disorders among prenatal mothers in selected

areas of Bhopal . PJSR. 2023;16(1):26-29.

Research Article

Access this article online

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Website:

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DOI:

doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8077044

People’s Journal of Scientific Research / Volume 16 / Issue 1 / Jan-June 2023

Kushwaha RS et al. Prenatal factors affecting mental health

pregnancy increase the risk of having a child who

develops ADHD. Autism spectrum disorders affect 1-

2% of the population and symptoms of poor sociability

and communication skills repetitive behaviors, and

circumscribed interests tend to become apparent by

the age of 3 years. Inﬂammatory responses in the

mother may affect fetal and postnatal brain

development. Originally based on the knowledge that

Autisim Spectrum disorder (ASD) was associated

with season of birth, exposure to viral infections has

been shown to increase the risk of ASD in many but all

studies. It has been estimated that approximately one

third of the children are suffering not from physical but

from psychological illness. Identiﬁcation and

handling of the emotional, behavior and

developmental disorder problem of the childhood and

adolescence is very essential for any health care

worker including nurses. The common behavior

problem according to their nature of deviation in

behavior includes Habits, Eating, Sleep, speech,

Scholastic sexual, Antisocial Personality [2]

WHO further states that the well-being of an

individual is encompassed in the realization of their

abilities, coping with normal stresses of life productive

work and contribution to their community. Cultural

differences, subjective assessments and competing

professional theories all affect how “Mental Health is

deﬁned”. [3]

There are more than 200 classiﬁed forms of

mental illness. Some of the more common disorders

are Depression, Bipolar mood disorder, Dementia,

Schizophrenia and anxiety disorder. Symptoms may

include changes in mood, personality, personal habits

and social withdrawal. As with cancer, diabetes and

heart disease, mental illness is often physical as well as

emotional and psychological. Mental illness is caused

by reaction to environmental stress, genetic factors,

biochemical imbalance, or a combination of these.

With proper care and treatment may individuals learn

to cope or recover from a mental illness or emotional

disorder.[4]

Primitive beliefs regarding disturbance have

several views. Some thought that an individual with

mental disorders had been dispossessed of his/her soul

and that the only way wellness could be achieved was

if the soul should return. Other believed that evil spirits

or supernatural powers or magical power had entered

the body. The cure of these individuals involved a

ritualistic exorcism to purge the body of these

unwanted forces.[5]

In the medieval times, childhood was not

regarded as a psychologically distinct period.

Childhoods were merely viewed as under developed

adult at the fringes of society. In the 17th and 18th

century philosophies, children were seen to have

unique physiological, educational and physical need.

In the 19th century a new approach to understand the

childhood emerged. In the child guidance clinic, the

common mental illnesses include mental retardation,

conduct disorders, hyperkinetic syndrome enuresis

etc. [6] Mental disorders have turned out to be major

killer in Madhya Pradesh with 1,227 people suffering

from such illnesses committing suicide in Madhya

Pradesh in 2015, as per the National Crime Records

Bureau (NCRB). As per the NCRB, Madhya Pradesh

witnesses a 128% hike in such deaths in 2015

compared to 2014 when 538 such suicides were

reported.

The present study was done to assess the

knowledge regarding prenatal factors leading to

mental disorders among prenatal mothers and to

implement Planned Teaching Programme to prenatal

mothers. The effectiveness of Planned Teaching

Programme on knowledge regarding prenatal factors

leading to mental disorder was determined.

MATERIALS & METHODS:

The prospective study was carried out in

People's College of Nursing & Research Centre (PCN

& RC), Bhopal. The study subjects were informed

about the study and due consent was obtained from

them. Ethical clearance certiﬁcate was obtained from

the PCN&RC as per norms. The study involved 60

Prenatal mothers of selected rural areas of Bhopal.

Interventional research approach was used in this

study.

“One group, pretest post test research design”

was selected which is a quasi-experimental design to

evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching

Programme on knowledge regarding prenatal factors

leading to mental disorders. Non-probability

convenient sampling technique was used for the study.

The duration of data collection was for 1 and half

month. The inclusion criteria were that the prenatal

mothers should understand Hindi language. Prenatal

mothers who were not willing to participate were

excluded from the study. In this study dependent

variable was the knowledge of prenatal mothers

regarding prenatal factors leading to mental disorders

whereas independent variable are Planned Teaching

Programme regarding prenatal factors leading to

People’s Journal of Scientific Research / Volume 16 / Issue 1 / Jan-June 2023

mental disorders.

Kushwaha RS et al. Prenatal factors affecting mental health

Table 2: Frequency and percentage distribution of prenatal

A structured questionnaire was designed for

the study. It was divided into 2 parts. First part

consisted of demographic questionnaire that includes

age, education, type of family, religion, and source of

information regarding mental health and occupation.

The second part consisted of 30 Multiple

choice Questions to evaluate the knowledge regarding

prenatal factors leading to mental disorders. The

validity of the questionnaire was conﬁrmed.

The sample questionnaire is depicted in

Figure 1. Broadly the questions were aimed to

mothers according to Education.

Education

Number

Percent

Primary

46.7

Secondary

30.0

Higher Education

21.7

Graduate

1.7

Total

100.0

Table 3: Frequency and percentage distribution of prenatal

mothers according to type of family.

ascertain the knowledge regarding mental health &

mental illness, prenatal factors leading mental

disorders and prevention of mental illness.

RESULTS:

The demographic data revealed that majority

of prenatal mothers were between 24 to 29 years

[Table 1]. Majority of Prenatal mothers approximately

46% were primary educated [Table 2]. 58% belonged

to joint family [Table 3] and 76% were Hindu [Table

4]. Very few prenatal mothers have access to

either television or newspaper. Around 43% have no

access to any kind of media [Table 5]. Most (58.4%)

worked as laborer followed by housewife [Table 6].

The study ﬁnding reveals that the mean post-test

knowledge score (15.8) is higher than the mean pre-

test knowledge score (8.8) [Table 7].

Table 1: Frequency and percentage distribution of prenatal

mothers according to Age in years.

Age in years Number Percentage

18 -23 yrs

21 35.0

24 -29 yrs

29 48.3

30 -35 yrs

10 16.7

More than 35 yrs 00 00

Total 60 100.0

DISCUSSION:

A child is the purest form of a human being as

he is not yet molded by the harsh realities of life. As

each child looks at the world through innocent eyes all

he can see, the way of life and the way he think life

should be. We owe our children, the most vulnerable

citizens in our society, they are like ﬂowers and they ﬁll

our life with joy and fragrance.

Type of family Number Percent

Joint family 35 58.3

Nuclear family 19 31.7

Extended family

10.0

Single parent family

Total

100.0

Table 4: Frequency and percentage distribution of prenatal

mothers according to Religion.

Religion Number Percent

Hindu 46 76.7

Muslim

23.3

Christian

Others

Total 60 100.0

Table 5: Frequency and percentage distribution of prenatal

mothers according to source of information.

Source of information Number Percent

Television

25.0

Health Professional

21.7

Newspaper

10.0

None of the above 26 43.3

Total 60 100.0

Table 6: Frequency and percentage distribution of prenatal

mothers according occupation.

Occupation Number Percent

House wife 23 38.3

Private Job 2 3.3

Government job 0 0

Labourer 35 58.4

Total 60 100.0

Kushwaha RS et al. Prenatal factors affecting mental health

People’s Journal of Scientific Research / Volume 16 / Issue 1 / Jan-June 2023

Proper education should be given to the mothers to

make them vigilant towards the prenatal factors

leading to mental disorders of child. Nurses process a

major obligation in the education, motivation, and also

in the guidance of the mentally ill children by that, she

can help them to stay away from mental illness. The

present study was aimed to evaluate effectiveness of

teaching program on knowledge regarding prenatal

factors leading to mental disorders among the prenatal

mothers of selected rural areas of Bhopal.

A Structured knowledge questionnaire was

used to collect the data. The participants were grouped

as pre-test and post-test to evaluate the knowledge of

60 prenatal mothers. After the administration of pretest

Planned Teaching Program was administered, post-

test knowledge was determined after 7 days using same

structured knowledge questionnaire to ﬁnd out the

effectiveness. We found that pre-test mothers in

selected areas of Bhopal were not having knowledge

regarding prenatal factors leading to mental disoders.

We also determined that Planned Teaching Programme

is an effective intervention to enhance the knowledge

of prenatal mothers.

CONCLUSION:

The study was conducted with the objective to

evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching

Programme knowledge regarding prenatal factors

leading to mental disorders among prenatal mothers.

We concluded that with the intervention of Planned

teaching program amongst prenatal mothers, their

knowledge increased which could have positive

impact on reducing mental illness.

Financial Support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

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